Vegan is the way to go Essay Example For Students

Veggie lover is the best approach Essay The best of a country and its ethical advancement can be decided by the manner in which its creatures are treated.(Mahatma Gandhi Quotes) Gandhi said this in his book, The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism, this conviction is as yet legitimate in todays present day society. Right now in the United States, the worry for the wellbeing and prosperity of creatures is radically expanding. Also, one of the most generous signs of this is the expanding number of veggie lovers and vegans in our country. Today there are over a large portion of a million veggie lovers and incalculable a huge number of vegans in the United States alone. There are a few various types of vegans following this training. A veggie lover expends no nourishments of any sort created by creatures. An ovo-veggie lover eats eggs, however no dairy nourishments or creature substance. A lacto-vegan eats dairy nourishments, yet no eggs or creature substance. A lacto-ovo-vegan eats dairy nourishments and eggs, however no creature tissue. These individuals are most ordinarily alluded to as just vegans. A semi-vegan eats dairy food and egg and once in a while incorporates fish or chicken however no other creature tissue. Beside dietary propensities, a vegetarian likewise has a few additional principles to follow. A veggie lover can't utilize any item produced using the body portions of a creature, for example, cowhide, ivory, hide, and even pearls. They likewise can't utilize items which have been tried on creatures. Veggie lovers are once in a while alluded to as a creatures most noteworthy partner. Veganism initially began in India in the primary century A. D.. Hindus didn't become veggie lover due to profound strict reasons or for individual wellbeing reasons, but since of natural weights. It got both uneconomical and unsanitary to raise creatures in so packed a situation. During that time veganism never truly got on because of absence of current medication and ill-advised comprehension of the elements of the human body. Around the start of the twentieth century, it is believed that the revelation of nutrients and minerals brought forth eating for ideal wellbeing and wellness, and therefore, the rediscovery of veganism. Up through the 1900s, an ever increasing number of individuals began to express stop to the uncalled for torment of creatures. Since the beginning of man, people have utilized creatures for their potential benefit. Creature substance has been a decent wellspring of nutrients and protein. The skin was utilized for warmth and safe house. Before a few of the cutting edge propels made by humankind, creatures were expected to continue human endurance and thriving. In todays society, a significant number of the items on our store racks are tried on creatures for security reasons. Indeed, even with all the incredible uses there are for dead creatures, present day nourishment and science has made such huge numbers of new headways in research that it has gotten totally pointless to slaughter any creature under any circumstances. People can endure exclusively on vegetation and supplementation. Creature testing is superfluous because of new DNA and PC realistic examination. In this paper three significant issues managing veganism will be talked about. Regardless of whether the veggie lover way of life is more beneficial then the normal lifestyle? Is creature trying vital or should it be restricted? Furthermore, should creatures be utilized in media outlets? There is no motivation to harm or murder creatures under any conditions. Americans as a general public ought to be veggie lover. One significant issue is whether the veggie lover way of life is more beneficial than the normal lifestyle. The normal lifestyle comprises of the four significant nutrition types: meat, dairy, grains, and natural products/vegetables. In the veggie lover way of life, meat and dairy nourishments are removed of the eating routine. From a nourishing viewpoint, creature food has its points of interest. First and foremost it is supplement thick; it is a concentrated wellspring of calories, protein, iron, zinc, copper, and on account of dairy items, calcium. Veganism is in reality a lot more beneficial than expending meat and dairy items. .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 , .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 .postImageUrl , .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 , .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144:hover , .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144:visited , .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144:active { border:0!important; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144:active , .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144:hover { mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-improvement: underline; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10 144 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u3222232ce559b1d865aa2949e6a10144:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: War and the administration of craftsmanship Essay Most individuals who become veggie lovers utilize inappropriate supplementation and will in the end make themselves debilitated. It isn't denying the body meat that veggie lovers and vegetarians have issues with, yet rather an absence of calories. The human body needs a specific equalization of nutrients and minerals to support legitimate wellbeing. Generally, when an individual chooses to turn into a .

Teaching Philosophy :: Education Teaching Teachers Essays

Instructing Philosophy All through life I think everybody has a specific calling. God makes unique blessings in individuals to be utilized to help other people. A few people know immediately what their calling is. I am sorry to state that it has taken me a couple of more years to make sense of my affection for instructing. I was a move teacher for more than fourteen years. During that time I went to College of West Virginia procuring an Associates Degree in Business Administration. What was I going to do with that? I truly didn't care for business, however my reasoning was it would help in running my own move studio one day. My genuine love was the association, communication, and educating of every one of my artists. It was so remunerating to see the youngsters gain proficiency with the various developments I was instructing that day. The platform strategy utilized in constructivism is fundamentally the same as how I instructed moving. Every week we would audit the move ventures from earlier weeks and afterward add on new move steps. The kids were learning moves that I had arranged. Being a cheerful spouse and a pleased mother of a wonderful kid, I needed to contribute more to the family monetarily. In spite of the fact that instructing move is the thing that I cherished, it was anything but a vocation that paid well. How might I despite everything do what I love, instructing, and get somewhat more cash? That is the point at which my significant other urged me to return to Concord College and get my Bachelor of Science Degree in Teaching Physical Education and Health Education. Physical Education and Health Education are two fields I feel energetic about. Continually being dynamic for a mind-blowing duration, I didn't understand how stationary and unfit our country is. West Virginia positions perhaps the most noteworthy state in the country with regards to being unfit and stout. I figure instruction could put a progressively positive impact on this developing scourge. The reason for training is to assist understudies with picking up information to be utilized in their vocation, social, and individual lives. Instruction is significant in showing understudies the past and helping them settle on educated choices for what's to come. As an educator, I plan to have the option to contact student’s lives such that with regards to settling on a decision, they consider what I have shown them, and settle on a positive choice.

Common Intellectual Property Mistakes Startups Make

Common Intellectual Property Mistakes Startups Make You need to take into account a number of things when building a successful startup, but none as important as intellectual property (IP). While the word is often thrown around and most entrepreneurs know about it by now, it still creates a lot of trouble for startups. While big companies are spending millions to protect their IP, startups can forget to look into the matter altogether or make silly mistakes.Yet getting it right could be the difference between building a successful business and going bust. The following guide will help you understand the importance of IP and the most common mistakes startups make. More importantly, the guide will show you how to avoid these mistakes and plan your IP to succeed. © Shutterstock.com | DooderIn this article, we will explore 1) what IP is and why it matters, 2) common mistakes to avoid with intellectual property, 3) planning tips for startups, and 4) conclusion.WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND WHY DOES IT MATTER?So, what is IP all about? In short, IP refers to inventions and creations of the mind. This could be a piece of art, like a symbol or a specific design, or the names and images you use for commercial purposes. They act similar to other property rights, in that they provide the creator or the owner of that product the possibility of benefiting from the creation.Intellectual property is protected by law â€" there are different country-specific legislations, as well international laws that govern intellectual property rights. The laws used for protection fall under the following categories:Patents â€" Patents cover products or processes, or the way things operate. The product or process must be original and inventive in comparison to idea s that are already out there. It is possible to file country-specific patents or apply for an international patent. A software program could be an example of intellectual property covered by a patent.Trademarks â€" Trademarks protect the signs and designs, which distinguish the product from that of other traders. The Facebook logo and the Apple logo are examples of trademarks. Interestingly, you could also get a trademark for a specific smell or the product’s design, like a special bottle.Registered design â€" Registered designs protect more deeply the way things look. A specifically shaped mobile phone or a pattern in a pair of jeans could have a registered design.Copyrights â€" Copyrights protect the business or person’s artistic work from being copied. This could be the copy of a website or the content of a book, for example.Check out the YouTube video below for more information: Why does it matter?The above should help you understand what intellectual property is, but it mig ht not explain why it is crucial for a startup (or indeed any business).There are a number of reasons for paying attention to the importance of IP. In short, the proper implementation of intellectual property will provide a startup with:Protection â€" IP will provide a startup more protection against copycats. This in turn, will naturally provide more leverage against competition. Other businesses won’t be able to use your brilliant business idea and benefit from it. You’ll be legally protected â€" in case someone uses your product ideas without permission, you’ll have the law on your side and you can seek compensation. You won’t need to worry about a costly lawsuit, such as the one filed against Facebook.Security â€" The business will enjoy more security against theft, for example, once IP is sorted. Furthermore, appropriate IP can protect your customers as well, as they are purchasing from a legitimate company that upholds their consumer rights. It also guarantees counterf eit products don’t become a headache you need to deal with down the road.Leverage with investors â€" Another big benefit for startups is the improved attractiveness to investors, if you have sorted out IP rights. Investors know it adds more value to your startup and seeking financing is much easier once you have IP sorted out. This doesn’t necessarily mean a fully planned and organized IP system, but you should show investors that you at least understand the importance of IP and know how to go about achieving it.COMMON MISTAKES TO AVOID WITH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTYAs the above shows, intellectual property has plenty of benefits for startups and getting it sorted out will help your business to succeed. But unfortunately, many startups still fall for some of the common hurdles when it comes to IP.Here’s a look at the most common IP mistakes and how you can avoid making them with your startup. First, it’s a good idea to look at the big picture and the crucial mistakes you need to avoid.1) Assuming it’s unimportantAmong the biggest mistakes you can make is to assume IP doesn’t matter. Fixing your IP rights after you’ve already been operating the business will be a long process and not often even possible. For example, for a patent application to go through, the idea needs to have been out of public knowledge. As soon as you have put it out there and marketed your product, getting a patent will become a lot more difficult.It’s also a lot more costly to start fixing the lack of IP, rather than spend money on sorting it out from the get-go. You might be faced with lawsuits, people might already be using your product design or names and sorting this out once your business is up and running won’t be easy.As soon as you have a business or product idea and you’ve spent some time ensuring the plan could work, start looking into intellectual property.2) Not doing sufficient researchResearch isn’t just crucial in order to protect your intellectual proper ty against other people using it. While it is naturally important to guarantee your intellectual property isn’t stolen and you are protected in the long-term, proper research can also save you from breaching another’s IP rights.If you don’t look into trademarks, patents and trade designs, you won’t know whether someone has already protected a similar product. You don’t want to be breaching other peoples’ IP, as this could end up being the end of your business.As well as ensuring you do enough research to protect your own products and ideas, make sure you also look carefully into the protection that is already out there. If you conduct proper research from the start, you can protect your business from any legal and financial troubles later on.3) Rushing through the processMany startups do understand the importance of sorting out IP. The problem is that many of them then decide to get it all sorted out quickly, without paying enough attention to the whole process. Sorting out IP matters won’t happen overnight and you don’t want to make mistakes by rushing your project.The process of getting your intellectual property applications through isn’t always a straightforward process. The process can be complicated and costly and you don’t want to end up doing it more than once.You also don’t want to waste money seeking a patent or a copyright for products that cannot receive one. For example, there are a number of technologically advanced systems that you might not be able to get a patent for or you might not need one in the first place.Don’t just expect that every aspect of your business and product require intellectual property protection. First, understand what requires IP protection and fill out the application carefully afterwards. Don’t try to rush into anything.4) Waiting too longOn the other hand, you can’t sit still and ponder about the IP issues forever. Especially if your startup is already running test or marketing groups and you are involving other people in the process. You need to act swiftly to ensure it isn’t too late to start protecting your intellectual property.In most countries, applications for intellectual property rights have deadlines. For instance, a patent often must be filed within one year of it being printed, disclosed or offered to be sold. Similar time periods are in use around the globe so you need to make sure you start looking into intellectual property as soon as you have your business idea.5) Using DIY strategyThe Internet is great for finding out more about legal proceedings and the processes behind setting up a business. Technology has empowered many entrepreneurs to take back more control. Using these online guides and tips can be a great way to save your business some money.But the ‘Do It Yourself’ (DIY) approach can be the downfall of many companies, especially in the more difficult areas such as IP. While guidebooks like this can give you a better understanding of the pr ocesses and the importance of IP, it is essential to consider seeking out an expert’s opinion.Generic information about IP will guide you in the right direction, but it can’t answer the more intricate details concerning your business. A legal expert in the field of intellectual property is much more able to ensure your business covers all the key areas.The above mistakes are commonly made by startups and just by avoiding them, you can guarantee your startup is appropriately protected. But there are also more specific types of mistakes startups tend to make.These include the following:Having problems with the nameYou might have come up with a catchy name for your business; you go through all the planning and setting up only to receive a notification the name is already trademarked. On the other hand, many startups set up and conduct business for years until they find one day that there have been new companies popping up using the same name.Many startups also make the mistake of c hecking out a domain name and if it’s free, they assume the business can be registered with that name. Furthermore, many assume that by registering their business, the trademark of the name is also covered. But this doesn’t automatically happen; you need to register both â€" often separately.When you are planning to start a business and you come up with a name, run a domain check and a business registration check. If both are clear, you should also check if the trademark is still free for use. Do all three checks before you register any of them or start using the name.Signing the wrong contractsStartups tend to be organic and often have a structure of informality. While these can be great in fostering innovation and ideas, you still need to make sure the formal aspects of running a business are taken care of appropriately.It is easy to overlook the importance of having your intellectual property rights sorted and then including these into all agreements you sign with your employ ees and your business partners.For example, you might ask an outside contractor to design a website for your company. If you don’t sign the right contract to commission the work, the contractor might end up with the intellectual property rights for the design! Whether you are creating a contract with your employee or another business, you need to make sure the contracts spell out the full rights of the products and design for your business.When you are preparing the documents and contracts, again, professional help is often needed. A DIY approach to contracts can result in omitting certain information and you might not cover all the essential points. Furthermore, if you are using a professional, such as a freelancer, make sure they have the right qualifications and know how the legal system in your country works!You also shouldn’t assume the documents you find on the Internet are appropriate to use. Sometimes this ‘copy paste’ approach can lead to many problems.Forgetting a bout trade secretsMany startup ideas and products have their foundation elsewhere. Perhaps you were working for a technology employer and suddenly came up with a great idea for your own business. You might rush to start your business without realizing you are using trade secrets of your previous employer as part of your business idea.There are tons of other types of information from prior employers that startups can utilize. These could be trade secrets, but they could also be customer lists, management strategies and the use of computer software. It is easy to overlook their importance to the previous employer or forget they might be covered by legal contracts.Companies, especially the big ones, are aggressive in protecting their intellectual property â€" as they should. Forgetting about trade secrets such as this cannot just cost money for your startup, you might be found to be criminally liable for the breach.You need to make sure you carefully look at your project and business, and separate the areas that you might be carrying over from your previous employer. Make sure you check that using the information isn’t a breach of intellectual property.Using open source softwareOpen source software is a wonderful thing, but startups can make a number of crucial mistakes when opting to use it. While it might sound like a great idea, you can quickly contaminate the whole project by using open source software.If your project uses open source, even in small bits, you might need to disclose the source code to your competitors. This might mean you cannot file for intellectual property protection.The best option is to avoid using open source software altogether. If you must use it, you should consult a legal advisor before the final decision to guarantee you won’t hurt your business by doing so.PLANNING TIPS FOR STARTUPSThe above mistakes and tips on how to avoid them should help your startup in the planning process. On top of this, here are few more crucial tips to keep in mind when you start planning for intellectual property rights:Begin by understanding as much about intellectual property as you can. By reading this guide, you are already on the right path. Educate yourself as much as you can and start looking for expert help as well.While you need to begin looking for outside expertise, you don’t need to do it right from the start. Doing your own searches first can help you save a lot of time. For example, google.com/patents brings up a plethora of information for finding out about existing patents.Find yourself a good intellectual property lawyer. Don’t hire the first one you find, but look into their qualifications and remember to agree on the price before signing aConduct an audit on your startup’s products and services to ensure you understand which aspects need protection.When you know what you need, start filing as soon as possible to ensure you do everything on time.Consider the future. You need to know the outlook of your bu siness to ensure you are adequately covered for the future.CONCLUSIONIf you want to protect your startup and ensure it has the best possibilities to succeed, you need to make sure you pay attention to intellectual property rights.Figuring out what your business needs is going to be easier to do right from the start, as it can prevent you from making mistakes or allowing other people to benefit from your ideas.While professional services can cost a lot of money and your startup most likely doesn’t have a never-ending financing stream, in the long-term figuring out IP at the start and ensuring you do it exactly right will end up costing less. It gives you financial security and it could spark interest in investors.Don’t try to save money by doing it all yourself either. As the above showed, a DIY approach to IP can sometimes end up in a disaster no matter how much you’ve tried. Just start planning early and ask for help from seasoned professionals.

My Experience With The Stroop Effect - 862 Words

Based on my experience with the Stroop effect I have concluded the test with the conflicting words and colors showed increased complexity. I realized during the test that the incompatible inputs created conflict in my mind. In order for me to formulate a response I had to disqualify an input and validate the solution prior to the final answer. According to George Washington University’s cognitive psychology department this phenomena is due to the top down processing theory. This theory â€Å"establishes the paradigm that sensory information processing in human cognition, such as perception, recognition, memory, and comprehension, are organized and shaped by our previous experience, expectations, as well as meaningful context† (Solso, 1998). According to a Claremont University study, the top down theory could be the explanation as to why persons with English as a second language articulate less difficulty with the tests conflicting information when the test is given in English, yet when the test is taken in the native language the Stroop effect occurs. Another possible explanation for the Stroop effect is the parallel distributed processing theory which states analyzed information is conveyed via defined neuropathways. The more these pathways are utilized, the stronger and faster they become. So, whe n two pathways are stimulated concurrently the stronger â€Å"reading† pathway takes precedence over the weaker â€Å"naming† neuronal tract. 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Controversy Between the Existence of God Essay example

In â€Å"The Brothers Karamazov† by Fyodor Dostoevsky made a famous claim that establishes the link between the existence of God and morality. Apart from the controversy related to the scope of the quotation, the discussion on the proper translation and interpretation of the words of Ivan Karamazov. For instance, in his article â€Å"Dostoevsky did not say it† D.Cortesi claims that Dostoevsky did not make such claim (Cortesi 1). However, the research by Russian-speaking authors shows that the original text of â€Å"The Brothers Karamazov† contains the statement under study (Volkov 1). Coming to the scope of the claim, one should concentrate on the reasons for making such claim, as well as the relation between the moral beliefs of secular humanists and†¦show more content†¦Many religions have well-developed value frameworks that help adherents distinguish between moral and immoral actions, serving as their guides in all the situations that require choosin g the model of behavior. The frameworks that regulate personal behavior, suing the categories of morality and immorality, manifest themselves in the form of holy books, written and oral traditions and the statements of religious leaders. The second reason lies in the fact that the scope of basic principles of religious and secular morality is the same. For instance, the norms of moral behavior that are contained in the Ten Commandments (e.g., the prohibition of murder, adultery and theft) are shared both by deists and Atheists. Thirdly, religious people tend to think that God had created everything in the world. Therefore, it is quite natural for them to think that God had created morality. Thus they see morality and religion as either two inseparable notions or even the one that finds its roots in the idea of God. 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Sas Case Analysis Free Essays

International Case #: 6-2 T h e C a s e o f (Scandinavian Airlines S A S System) INTRODUCTION SCANDINAVIAN AIRLINES SYSTEM (SAS) originated when the airlines of Sweden, Norway and Denmark formed a consortium. 1970’s – competition are fierce and resulted in a loss market share. 1981 – Jan Carlzon, The CEO, undertook drastic decentralization. We will write a custom essay sample on Sas Case Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Top-Down authority replaced by open communication. SAS Strategies is to become known as â€Å"the businessman’s strategy† (with rather high fares), with upgraded service, on-time performance, good food and comfort. For the Future SAS has 2 goals 1. To become the most efficient airline in Europe by 1992 2. To be one of the five major airlines in Europe after 1995 Keystone is SAS’s global strategy is to form strategic alliances. -? An agreement to exchange equities with Swissair was reached in 1989. -? Alliance was also made with All Nippon Airways, LanChile, Canadian Airlines Intl and Finnair. I. TIME CONTEXT II. VIEWPOINT 1981 Jan Carlzon SAS CEO III. CENTRAL PROBLEM Fierce competition, Loss of market share Reduced profitability IV. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVE Must: to cope up with competition Wants: to become the most efficient airline in Europe by 1992 and to be one of the five major airlines in Europe after 1995 V. AREAS OF CONSIDERATION THREATS 1.? Competition with larger airlines 2.? High fuel price 3.? Rising operational costs 4.? Decrease in demand for air service 5.? Price Wars OPPORTUNITIES 1.? Strategic alliances with other airlines 2.? Offer high-quality service V. AREAS OF CONSIDERATION WEAKNESSES 1.? Deterioration of services 2.? Low morale of the workforce STRENGTH 1.? Workforce 2.? Upgraded Services 3.? On-time performance 4.? Good food comfort 5.? Decentralization VI. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION 1. Continuous implementation of decentralization (+) Faster decision-making Address and solve the problem right away Open communication Training and development for employees (-) Mistakes or wrong decisions are prevalent Policies and rule must be reviewed and change Training cost Great deal of time in communication a.? b.? c.? d.? a.? b.? c.? d.? VI. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION 2. Strategic alliance with other airlines (+) Access to different airlines hub Leverage Able to compete with larger airlines Opportunity to sell shares (-) a.? Control issue b.? Possible waste of money a.? b.? c.? d.? VI. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION 3. Upgrade service strategy (+) a.? High-quality service b.? Punctual and on-time performance (-) a.? High fares b.? Research and development cost c.? Training cost VII. RECOMMENDATION Adapt ACA 2 (Strategic Alliance) VIII. ACTION PLAN Person Responsible Jan Carlzon / Marketing Research Jan Carlzon Jan Carlzon Jan Carlzon / Negotiating Team Negotiating Team Jan Carlzon / Allies Finance Department Activities Gather data through business intelligence competitive analysis Set a meeting with the SAS Board Form a negotiating team Set meetings with possible allies Time Frame 30 days 1 day 7 days Prepare proposals/MOA/Service agreement Contract signing / sign-off Prepare budget 3 days 1 day 5 days â€Å"Mistakes can usually be corrected later; the time that is lost in not making a decision can never be retrieved†. – Jan Carlzon How to cite Sas Case Analysis, Papers

Water1 Essay Example For Students

Water1 Essay WATER THE LIQUID OF LIFE, HOW CAN WE SAVE ITWater, H2O (-* H+ +OH- hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion. These ions participate in many important biochemical reactions. Ann Christensen,Arizona Biology Network). The most basic and most needed building block of life. It is also one of the most important, because there is no way we can live without it. If tomorrow all the fossil fuel in the world ran out, we could go any number of ways, but if the water all the water ran out tomorrow. We would be in a whole lot of trouble. With out water there would simply be now life on this planet. From the time the water of this planet started to cool the compounds we have today were forming. At about 3.55-4.55 billion years ago (scientist still can not agree stating the volatile condition of are young planet at the time due to volcanoes, earthquakes, comets, and asteroids. But when ever the first life form appeared which was cyanobacteria. The orinism was cyanobacteria a unicelluerl life form, from it cam e many other life forms, I do not know enough about the theory of the origins of life to go into further detail. We will write a custom essay on Water1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Lets look at the way water gets to us. Lets look at its history, its evolution, and its present form today. As early as the ancient Romans waste control has been around though in rudimentary ways. Later during the Middle Ages cesspools and privy vaults were developed, when they were full the first sanitary workers came and emptied them at the owners expanse. Then onto the 19th and 20th centuries, were vast advances have been made from running water to indoor plumbing, we no longer through trash and refuge into the streets, (during the last few centuries that was one of the major causes of epidemics and deises). We can get water from several sources not all will be clean and safe to drink but they are there. While the United States of America has an abundeced of fresh water (clean drinkable water) that is not true for the rest of the world. Many places rely on aquifers that stores groundwater say a desert where there is rarely any water. And in places with presicis little space for fa rming underground water stores are a godsend to the farmers. An aquifer can be a confined space or an unconfined space. A confined aquifer is between two layers of rock, and is at a high pressure making it a perfect choice for a well. Water, what do we do with it, to it, and for it? Water has an innumerable amount of uses in all facets of life, from bathing, to drinking, playing in, cooking with, or any other manner it can be used in. But in using water we also make it dirty. Clean water, seeing how 97% of the water that covers the earth is contaminated in some way, clean is a relative term. Is it little wonder that sense the beginning of time people have flocked around, and built grand cities around major water ways, new Orleans is a great example. And when people gather, so are there those that wish to control them through force, poisoning a main well as treacherous as it sounds was a tactic used regularly in the before, during and after the dark ages. What my experiment was meant to show. By doing this experiment I was hoping to gain more information on the plight are world suffers, the plight that a country such as the U.S. has an abundance of water, but much of it is not drinkable. To put in perspective the usage of water in the United States of America, as of 1995, American citizens were using:Thermoelectric less then 1% percentAnd all that came from 402,00 million gallons per day (as of the 1995 U.S. DOI report, Bruce Babbitt secretary). But what is all that water used for? Over the last decades we have developed more and more machines that require large amounts of water to cool them and keep them from over heating, that is just one of the industrial sectors applications of water, there are many, many other means of using water, like one that I learned of in the course of my studies was that water is used in mining for such things as separating minerals to dust collection. After usage this water passes through a purification plant which is were I had my tests cond ucted because I wanted them to be as accurate as possible. The readings were as follows:As you can see from the diagram Bottled water is the best choice to drink. This is what I thought would happen. seeing how bottled water sets for a long while before selling it is able to settle which helps the water. I hope this expariment ahs been as instiful to you as it has been to me, I have learned many things about the water process I did not know when I first started, till now I did not know that lime was added as a chemical into the water we drink every day. Things like that is what gives me my love for science, little facts like that. .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45 , .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45 .postImageUrl , .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45 , .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45:hover , .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45:visited , .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45:active { border:0!important; } .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45:active , .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45 .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u46e69fba1a7eeececd6913daa3af1e45:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What Is Affirmative Action EssayBibliography:

Unbowed a Memoir

Unbowed a Memoir Introduction The book ‘Unbowed- a memoir’ is a work of Professor Wangari Maathai. Just as indicated by the title of the book, it portrays memoir of the writer. The content of the book is basically an account of history that is expressed by the writer. She comes out in the book to discuss account of her life on the basis of first person’s experience. She also enlists her efforts towards the society.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Unbowed a Memoir specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The outline of the book describes the lifeline of the author that starts from her youth up to her adult life. She, for example, outlines how against difficult circumstances, she managed to pursue education in a generation when education was reserved for the boy child. She managed to survive these harsh conditions to get a university degree that she furthered to earn her PhD. In the book, she recorded her successes in lead ership as well as in the academic field. Apart from being the first woman to head a department in a university in her country Kenya, she was the first female to be awarded a PhD in the whole of east African region. The book also illustrates her social life and touches on various issues including her life in marriage. The book also talks about the author’s involvement in social activities that were meant to help and empower women in her society. Such were the cases of the green belt movement that the author founded in which women were financially empowered in a move to give them incentives into planting trees. This particular move was also her involvement in environmental development; a subject that also forms part of the book. Wangari Maathai: Biography Wangari Maathai is a Kenyan citizen from the central region of the country. She was born in the year 1940 and grew up to receive basic education. She was born at a time and to a society which never gave much value to education . To this society, a girl was not of much significance and educating a girl was really not a necessity. It is therefore true to posit that Wangari had luck on her side to have been allowed to attend a school. She subsequently received her primary and secondary education before getting the opportunity to advance her education in the US. At the United States, Maathai undertook her undergraduate studies in Mount St. Scholastica College. She pursued a course in science through which she earned her bachelors degree in biological studies. She then went ahead to earn her masters degree two years later from the university of Pittsburg in the year 1966.Advertising Looking for report on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was, however, not satisfactory for her and she embarked on her doctoral degree which she attained in the year 1971. Though she undertook her studies for the doctoral degrees in both Ge rmany and her own country Kenya, she later got the honors from the University of Nairobi in Kenya. She then worked with the University of Nairobi as a lecturer and later served as the chairman of the university’s department of anatomy. This was outstanding because she was the first woman to serve in that capacity in any Kenyan university. She was also recognized as the first woman in the entire East African region, a collection of three countries, to attain a doctoral degree. She was also the first female in the region to be awarded the honor of associate professor and later a professor (UON 1). Wangari’s outstanding performance was not limited to academic works. She became an influential member of council of women which was a national organization for women in Kenya. She joined the council in the year 1976 and had by the year 1981 been recognized in the organization which identified her efforts and offered her the opportunity to participate in its leadership. She was the chairperson of the body for about six years starting in the year 1981. She also developed interest in social activities which culminated to her efforts to aid tree planting for the restoration and maintenance of the natural vegetation which had started facing degradation. She took advantage of her active role in the national organization of women to empower women groups which she again used to plant trees. The move that started in the year 1976 was spread through women groups to gain a grass root support. This witnessed many women joining the move and campaign that led to the plantation of about twenty million trees in public social and private lands by women who contributed to her move. Her campaigns into tree planting was later extended to be a continental move with the formation of green belt movement that spearheaded tree planting in African countries. The move was also well received in the other countries. Her campaigns were later extended to fights for democracy in her cou ntry, Kenya, where she was active together with others in the war for human rights. Wangari Maathai has for her efforts received a number of honors that have included Nobel peace prize. Other awards that she has received include â€Å"the Sophie prize, the Petra Kelly prize for environment, the conservation scientist award and outstanding vision and commitment award† (UON 1). Most of her awards are international prizes that portray her as an international figure. She has in addition been involved in the United Nations boards among other involvements in international organizations. Her leadership role has also been felt in her country’s political arena in which she became a member of the Kenyan national assembly and an assistant minister in the country’s executive arm of government (UON 1).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Unbowed a Memoir specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While the life of Wangar i Maathai has been viewed as that of great success with respect to the contributions that she has made to developments and her achievements in academic fields and activism, her personal social life has not been particularly smooth. Her establishment as an activist was for instance facilitated by her former husband’s political position. As he sought political office in the year 1974, her husband made a promise to undertake tree planting activities to the region that he was to represent. It was from this political perspective that Maathai started the environmental campaigns into tree planting. Her marriage however failed to work as her husband later walked out on her. She was left with her three children and a divorce was to follow. The reasons for the divorce that was filed by her husband was on the basis that she had proved to be uncontrollable, contrary to the expectation that as a woman and an African woman for that matter, she was supposed to be completely submissive to he r husband. This did not however deter her goals to success. Concerns of the Book The missions of the author that she revealed in her encounter with her country and the world at large is a combination of social and public concern. The book, for example, highlights a number of issues that are of social value as well as those that are of public interest. Social concerns refer to concerns over behavior of organisms and how such organisms relate with each other. A description of the life of the author as well as her interaction with other individual thus illustrates social concerns. The term public on the other hand refers to the developments that cover eternity of a population. Public concerns go beyond social issues to include politics and even economic issues in a set up. One of the issues that the author portrays is the capacity to focus on success. Her strife for success is evident from a personal point of view to the general point of view. The first instance that illustrated the dr ive to succeed by the author was her academic achievements. Born in a set up that had low regard for education at the time, Wangari Maathai struggled against all odds to gain access to and pursue academics. She did not just limit her success to education to the then recognized standards in her country or to any women in her society that she could look up to, but did her best to gain the best possible out of education. The autobiography of the author also revealed her social concerns over the issues about women in the society. Her involvement and success in the national women’s conference in her country is another illustration of concern that she had over women. That is why she went to interact with them and at the same time offered leadership to them. Social torture due to segregation and discrimination also formed part of the concerns that are raised in the book. While in the United States of America pursuing her studies, Wangari Maathai experienced social degradation that w as directed to the non white people.Advertising Looking for report on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Illustration of the fights for civil rights in the country at that time and cases of racial discrimination that were coupled with the assassination of Kennedy, the then American president were raised in the book. Through the book Wangari described her ordeal in marriage life to discuss social marital issues in the African society. The cultural set up of the African society is revealed in which women are expected to be submissive in marriage and totally obedient and dependent of their husbands. A woman is for instance portrayed to be under the husband in every aspect for a peaceful coexistence. This actually formed the basis of her divorce as her husband felt threatened by her success. Her academic position became a threat to her husband who felt a threat of loss of control of the wife as per the traditions. A divorce application was then to follow. She also described the harshness that the society induced on a person who was already in a suffering state. Following her husbandâ€℠¢s application for divorce, her employer, the University of Nairobi, which was managed by men, added to Maathai’s sorrows by striping her off her job and withdrawing services that had been allowed to her as an employee. She thus described a socially insensitive society. The concerns raised by the author also bordered across social issues to cover public concerns not just in her immediate society but to her entire continent and the world at large. The quest to preserve the environment that started in Kenya and later spread across all of Africa is an example. She illustrated how social downfall can be converted into success as this move was stimulated by her divorce. Her involvement in mobilizing and empowering women to plant trees was more of a public move as well as a private social initiative of giving back to the society. She also revealed public issues that concerned her country whose leaders acted as puppets to the government of the United States to help Americans in the cold war motives. Kenya was used during the cold but after which the Americans turned hostile to the regime. It was quite ironical that the American government turned to criticize the same government that it had been tolerant to during the cold war period. This criticism was, however, beneficial to the Kenyan people as it facilitated the multiparty democracy, a war that Wangari Maathai was part of. Her public ordeal was also expressed when she joined her country’s legislative system in the year 2002 and served in the country’s executive arm of the government. The book thus describes the leadership roles played by the author in both social and public aspects (Maathai 1). The main Characters in the Book The book is basically an autobiography of the author, Professor Wangari Maathai. Its outline revolves around her with instances and experiences that she came across in her life. The author is therefore the sole main character in the book. She can be categorized as a socia l entrepreneur. This is because her ventures that included the possession, innovation and implementation of ideas were aimed at investing for the benefit of the society as a whole. The initiatives that she attributed to herself and which are actually true were in general terms geared towards the benefit of the general public. Initiatives such as the tree planting drive that later led to the development of the green belt movement was an environmental conservation move for the entire ecosystem of the society. Her later involvements such as the campaigns for writing off of debts owned by poor countries were another instance of a public initiative for the society. Contrary to personal attributes such as private commercial investments, the Nobel Prize winner has been credited with a number of global prizes for her social initiatives. Significance of Maathai’s Work The initiatives of Wangari Maathai have been significantly felt not only in her own country but also at the internatio nal community. Her initiative for tree planting was, for example, successful with records of about thirty million trees being planted following the initial initiative. The significance of the tree planting exercise as it was felt in Kenya was also what led to its adoption in other African countries that later adopted it both under the green belt movement and as independent national initiatives. Her recognition by the international community that also led to her winning the Nobel peace price, a globally adored award, following her initiatives was also an indication of the success of the moves that she made. Wangari Maathai’s significance was also felt in her own country where she has always been at the fore front in the fight to protect environment. She was, more than once, in controversy with the country’s former regime over grabbing of forest lands and recreational facilities. Though she was brutally assaulted in her campaigns, she succeeded in opposing moves by forme r governments to grab lands such as Karura forest, arboretum and Uhuru Park. These grabbings were being driven to award political cronies of the then president. Her influence is still being felt as she contributes to sittings in the United Nations general assembly as well as her continued social campaigns in her country. Means to Accomplishment of her Social Objectives From the works of Maathai, her social responsibility has been evident in the protection of the environment as well as leadership among women. Though she has been at the forefront as the initiator and leader of her social programs, her success has been originating from people. This has been true even outside her political activities. Her ability to draw grass root support was particularly evident in the year 2002 when she vied for a parliamentary seat and won by more than ninety percent. Her initiatives such as the first tree planting exercise were particularly achieved through the participation of women in Kenya whom she mobilized for the activity. Her anti government campaigns were successful and were achieved through organized protests in which significant number of people, significant enough to stop a government, participated. Though she attracts and moves with the crowd towards attaining her objectives, Maathai does not allow the crowd to drive her from her principles. This was particularly the case in the year 2007 when she refused to yield to tribal pressure from her tribe that called for her support of the then president who was her fellow kikuyu. She stood by her principles that cost her parliamentary seat. Most important points made by the author and how she tried to prove them The author addressed a number of issues that ranged from personal life to social and political activities. Some of the major points that she illustrated under her experience included being principled, being success oriented and socially accountable among others. The story line of the life and experience of Wangar i Maathai, whether as revealed in her success or in her failures, are based on sticking to and pursuing what she believes in. Considerations of her illustrated set backs such as her divorce and her lost parliamentary seat were particularly due to her being principled to what she believed in. Her marriage was also lost due to her power which was a threat to her husband’s desire for manly supremacy. Wangari, being faced with problems such as isolation and discrimination refused to bow down to the traditional demands of men’s dominance in her society and moved on. Her failure to retain her parliamentary seat was also due to rejecting the sycophancy of tribal game that that her tribe wanted from her. Her successes such as environmental campaigns among others have also been driven by the principle to fight for what she believes is right no matter what it costs. Her pursuit to success as well as the effectiveness in academic life and social responsibility had been based on h er principles from which she dedicates to whatever she identifies to undertake. Evaluation of the book The biography of Maathai is impressive to me on a personal evaluation. The whole life history, both with respect to her success or failures that turn out to give the basis of her qualities, are influential. Circumstances that influence me about the book include Maathai’s education, her divorce as well as her struggle to attain what she believed in. Her academic achievement is impressive to me because of the nature of the environment from which she came. In her country as well as other third world countries, education for girls is still being considered a luxury even after more than half a century after she managed to acquire education to a doctorate level. This illustrates her extra ordinary nature in regard to her society. The way in which she handled her divorce is also impressive in that contrary to the expectation of the weak nature that was expected of women in the soci ety and the complete dependence of women upon men, Maathai proved her society wrong and actually gained strength from the divorce. It was after the divorce that she started active involvements in social responsibility which has been successful. Her involvement in social responsibility is also impressive in the way in which she has been able to put self interest aside and conduct initiatives for the general benefit of the society. The book through the qualities of Wangari Maathai has offered me an insight into social entrepreneurship regarding properties such as being selfless, principled and determined. This is because these properties form the basis of the success that the author has made in her life time. Though the book is based on the biography of an individual who lived in a different environment from me as well as longer time period, there are a number of personal experiences that I have had in life that relates to the themes of the book. Some of the experiences include academ ic success, though not to her level and participation in social forums such as youth groups. Though the book is comprehensive, it left out some important issues about the author such as her winning of the Nobel peace price award which is a motivational factor to readers. The award being the highest ever won by the subject ought to have been included to portray the actual significance that her efforts have yielded. The illustration of the book especially under social responsibility points out to the required participation at both individual and even organizational levels to the society. The corporate responsibility and diplomatic involvements in social duties should not be based on personal interest but on societal interests. The content of the book is satisfactory from my personal point of view and I like every aspect of it. Conclusion The presentation of the author’s life to success in her academics which later made her successful in her social responsibilities is inspiring. Her sponsorship into academic success being a form of social responsibility drives the feeling that social responsibility towards individual people can empower and influence them to give back to the society in a more productive way. The book has thus inspired me to invest in social responsibility for an improved society in future. Maathai, Waangari. Unbowed: A Memoir. Anchor Books. London: UK, 2007. Print. UON. Prof. Wangari Muta Maathai. University of Nairobi, 2011. Web. https://www.uonbi.ac.ke/index.php?q=node/53

How to Write an Accounting Scholarship Essay

How to Write an Accounting Scholarship Essay How to Write an Accounting Scholarship Essay When writing a good Accounting scholarship essay it is important for the writer to read and understand the instructions. This is to make sure one knows well the accounting topic before he or she can start writing. Instructions form the basis or the guideline for which direction the writer will form his or her argument in the accounting subject. This must be followed when the writer is thinking about what he or she is going to write about. In this case the subject is an accounting scholarship essay. It helps for the writer to plan and organize his or her thoughts prior to beginning writing. This is for proper coherence of ideas in the essay. This should be immediately followed by the process of making an outline which helps the writer to organize and streamline thoughts and ideas from the beginning to the end of the essay. Accounting is normally a topic which must be well fitted with specific terms. For one to win a scholarship by writing an accounting essay he or she has to demonstrate that he has more passion and zeal to pursue the course than the rest. A scholarship does not come on a silver plate, it must be earned. A good way to begin writing this essay could be by brainstorming and creating an outline of the relevant ideas to include. Therefore, the writer must see to it that the outline includes all the elements as written in the instructions. The accounting scholarship essay should explain and elaborate in detail every point in the outline. Moreover, accounting scholarship essays must make use of a clear, precise and simplified accounting terminology. Throughout the entire essay the writer has to show some level of maturity in the accounting subject. He or she must be in a position to state and clarify his or her accomplishments in accounting without necessarily showing signs of bragging. The accomplishments in accounting might be the key to winning the scholarship. Furthermore, the writer should see to it that his or her language in accounting is impeccable and without any grammatical mistakes and errors. The question on the accounting scholarship essay must be well addressed and straight to the point, as opposed to throwing ideas here and there without any reliable evidence. To perfect this, there is need for the writer to read the question several times and go through the essay to be sure of what the essay addresses. There should little generalization of the topic or ideas. Lastly, the writer must have someone with p rofound writing and editing experience to proofread the Accounting scholarship essay before it is submitted.

Career in Business Management Personal Statement

Career in Business Management - Personal Statement Example And these are just those who have passed out of high school, not to speak of the others who have graduated with impeccable IT credentials and raring to go. The corporate world was looking for them with open arms and the red carpet reception! Besides a degree in arts, an additional degree in streams such a business management is vital to career prospects these days. Business management students gain employment in wide range of careers in finance, marketing, human resource, tourism, hospitality, etc. at national and international levels. (International Business Management). I am reminded of my own inconspicuous small town background. The school I attended catered to mostly students from the lower middle income group families. The nearest and the only college in close vicinity was on the outskirts of the nearest city which was about 8 kilometers away from my house. However, the school was well run and the students had dreams of making it big one day. I was among the girls who excelled at studies and invariably always achieved good results. Thanks to my parents who instilled the right values and habits in me. Then there were some close friends who grew with me and together we came out of school with laurels and high expectations. Now I am not content with a degree. I want to specialize. ... Thanks to my parents who instilled the right values and habits in me. Then there were some close friends who grew with me and together we came out of school with laurels and high expectations. Now I am not content with a degree. I want to specialize. I am glad the syllabuses these days are geared towards specialization. I always knew in my heart that management was for me. The idea of planning, organizing and managing always appealed to me and I have already learned some of the basics in this stream when I was in the secondary section. Competition is in my blood. I am capable of turning on all my inner qualities to achieve the best possible results. I believe in activating the finer and nobler aspects of ones qualities in pursuing any goal. The progress we see today is not the result of wars and political might. Rather, it is the result of painstaking research and path of reason followed by men of scientific vision and literature genius. The course that I am about to take will take me 3 years to complete if I do it full time, or 4 years sandwich.(Course Information). Persuade an agreeing and informed audience to act (why is it urgent enough to act). Appeal to ethos by presenting and addressing counterarguments or warrants. A good army general will always reconnoiter before actively entering a war zone. He is aware there is a good deal of action to follow in the days, months and maybe years to come. Hence, he will make preparations by getting the complete picture about the enemy territory and capability. (John Ellison Kahn et al). Now that I am at the threshold of a career, I am determined to enroll in a good reputed college for a 3 years or 4 years course in International Business Management. Having worked for a year in a mega

Understanding the APA Format write an article Assignment

Understanding the APA Format write an article - Assignment Example He describes some of the laid strategies used by the company to achieve the success as illustrated in the article. These laid strategies regularly include hosting workshops at their stores, in areas that are theatre-like and providing training in every service they offer. The company also ensures that its store workers have a high level of fluency about the product: the technical experts are well conversant with the product features. With all these strategies, the company can attract customers, particularly the young customers, thereby ensuring significant profits of up to $151 million in 2005 from their sales. Wingfield (2006), however, implies that despite the success of Apple Inc., their particular challenges that the company experiences both from the internal and external environment. For example, some of the strategies set by the company are rejected by the company’s principal partners and customers (retailers): some of them have sued the company claiming that the competi tion is not

Critical Thinking And Education Philosophy Essay

Critical Thinking And Education Philosophy Essay After providing a conceptual foundation of pragmatism, rationality, objectivity, and the goals of education, a discussion of critical thinking is made to present a concept of critical thinking which is 1) normative; 2) comprising of skill, ability, and habits of mind; and 3) acquiring intellectual resources. To address the vagueness of the concept itself, this review lends itself to the work of Israel Scheffler and Harvey Siegel, in order to provide a defensible proposal on how critical thinking can be infused within the educational curriculum. Critical thinking as an educational aim The current interest placed on critical thinking in the education context is well-founded. Citing Scheffler, Combs (2009) stated that education should be centrally concerned with developing rationality, reasonableness, and critical thought (p. 175). Moreover, Siegel (1988) provided the underlying principles on why critical thinking must be emphasized in youth education. First, because the youth make up the crop of tomorrows leaders, the education system must enable them to develop critical thinking as a tool towards a productive and rewarding life. Second, the development of critical thinking is viewed as a moral obligation of administrators and teachers to instill in students the ability to treat diverse views with respect and foster a climate of open-mindedness. Siegel thought that preventing students to critically think was a form of oppression. Third, the thrust of critical thinking is consistent with the belief that rationality is key towards a productive life for all. Fourth, i n line with Deweys thoughts on pragmatism, critical thinking is a crucial element of democratic citizenship. Scheffler further describes critical thinking as an educational ideal which would allow children to assess their beliefs, desires, actions, and their cognitive and non-cognitive emotions based on appropriate criteria or standards and good reason, and engaged them in the critical dialogues that relate to every area of civilization (Scheffler, 1991, p. 64). Education should not only be aimed at the development of critical abilities, but also at the development of the cognitive emotions and virtues, the critical attitude (Scheffler, 1991). Every educator must endeavor to ensure that all children blossom into critical thinkers. Critical thinking is significant to the ethics, epistemology, content, and manner of education (Siegel, 1988). Its ramifications are broad in scope and pose serious implications to society at large, not only to persons being educated. The key aspects of critical thinking include rational virtues (skills and dispositions to judge in an impartial manner) and to deli berate with objectivity, even disregarding self-interest in the process. These elements are indispensable to moral education (Scheffler, 1973). In science education, critical thinking ability helps students evaluate the strength of reasons and the defensibility of arguments in order to evaluate which among competing paradigms or theories is best. Critical thinking is also an indispensable aspect of the practical component of education. The skills and know-how of students which figure prominently into the curriculum require critical thinking. Reading, spelling, and mathematics do not only require processual skills but the ability to apply criteria or good reasoning to specific domains of inquiry. While operative principles may be taught, students need critical thought to practice these skills effectively. Furthermore, in the context of teaching, critical thinking is reinforced by a teachers critical spirit considered a principal obligation (Scheffler, 1973). In the context of teachi ng, good teaching requires educators to develop in students the skills and attitudes as described in the two-component theory of critical thinking which will be discussed later (Siegel, 1988). Critical thinking: a normative concept That critical thinking is a normative concept means that it is an educational ideal a goal that educators and administrators must strive to aim. It also means that critical thinking is considered generally relevant in the educational realm. As an educational ideal, critical thinking is helpful in organizing the educational enterprise as well as set objectives of educational efforts. Mainly, critical thinking as a normative concept addresses the questions of 1) the purpose of education, and 2) the manner of education. Our basic concept of critical thinking is essentially a normative notion, i.e. that critical thinking is in some sense good thinking. It is the quality of the thinking, not the processes of thinking, which distinguishes critical from uncritical thinking. In addition to deciding how to describe critical thinking activities and standards, we need to decide the boundaries of critical thinking, i.e. what sorts of tasks we see critical thinking as encompassing. Critical thinking is sometimes contrasted with problem solving, decision making, issue analysis and inquiry. Terms such as `problem solving and `decision making designate rather general kinds of thinking tasks. But, carrying out these tasks typically requires one to make a number of judgments, and the thinking that leads to these judgments can either fulfill relevant standards of good thinking. One may solve a problem in a critical or an uncritical manner. So, problem solving, decision making, etc., are best seen as arenas in which critical thinking should take place rather than as other kinds of thinking to be contrasted with critical thinking. Critical thinking draws from rationality and reasonableness as fundamental concepts (Scheffler, 1982). However, critical thinking is considered not only an element of rationality but an aspect which co-exists with it (Siegel, 1997). As such, critical thinking may be considered an educational cognate of rationality since it emphasizes both on beliefs and actions (p. 2). By this definition alone, we can consider the critical thinker as an individual who is motivated by reasons both in thought and action. Siegels reasons conception consists of two components: reason assessment and critical spirit; the former deals with the epistemic realm of reasons while the latter focuses on the motivational realm. This theory merits additional discussion. The two-component theory of critical thinking 1. The reason assessment component Siegel considers the critical thinker as an individual possessing the skill and ability to evaluate reasons and arguments using logical or epistemic standards. Siegel (Reason and Education, 1997) quoted Schefflers view that the critical thinker is not just being moved by reasonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ by by appropriate reasons (p. 20). What this means is that a critical thinker takes it within himself or herself the epistemic responsibility for this thoughts. To be appropriately moved by good reasons is to consciously accept and appreciate the importance of having evidential force to justify thought and actions. In determining what standards are considered meritous, Scheffler (as cited in Siegel, Reason and Education, 1997) said: However, what reasons are appropriate is not fixed once and for ever. It depends on principles which themselves are the result of evolving traditions and may be different for various domains. There are no fixed foundations. The most fundamental presupposition underlying Schefflers epistemology and philosophy of education is the possibility of rational evaluation of principles of rationality. (p. 21) While the acceptability of reasons is not fixed, Schefflers (1973) epistemology of rationality warrant reasons to be consistent, impartial, and non-arbitrary. Critical thinking acknowledges that universal and objective principles have a binding force, but subject to evaluation. The principle-based character of critical thinking is what gives it its normative character. Critical thinking is not merely a cognitive mental process but a mental process that meets epistemic criteria, separated by good and bad reasons. An individual who thinks critically is one who is able to evaluate reasons and ascertain whether prospective reasons are good or bad based on their evidential force and in light of standards or criteria. Siegel (1988, 1997) and other theorists who support critical thinking categorized the principle of reasons of assessment into 1) general (subject-neutral), 2) principles (context-bound) and 3) subject-specific. There are debates on whether reasons assessment should be based on the generalist or the specifist view and to what extent reasons can be considered general or specific. As far as Siegel is concerned, the subject-specific criteria overlook the blurring of boundaries between genres and must be debunked. Siegel proposes that while there may be different criteria, the epistemologies operating are more or less similar. The more significant consideration for Siegel is how beliefs are justified: based on good reasons and supported by universal but fallible standards. This could be interpreted as generalist or a form of contextualism because Siegel supports the identification of good reasons across a range of contexts. Siegel (1997) elaborates: We are entitled to regard these various criteria as appropriate criteria of reason assessment, and to appeal to them in order to establish or determine the goodness of putative reasons, only because they are sanctioned by a common epistemology: a theoretical understanding of the nature of reasons, according to which putative criteria are recognizable as appropriate criteria of reason assessment. (p. 32) The point Siegel tries to make is that although various groups may have their own standards to judge whether reasons are good or bad, they are still governed by common epistemology for justification across different contexts. Furthermore, one question is if emotions are relevant to reasons assessment. Scheffler (2010) described the role of emotions in reasoning, showing how the rational passions contribute to critical thinking. Inquiry is not a dispassionate activity, disassociated from emotion. Rather, people can be very emotionally committed to the search for truth and care passionately that the outcome of an inquiry be the best justified. Such rational passions as love of truth, repugnance of distortion and evasion, and respect for the arguments of others as well as emotions such as curiosity, surprise and the joy of verification (Scheffler 1991) all play a significant role in inquiry, and educational efforts should be directed to their development. In addition, emotions play an important role in rational assessment in several ways. One way is by constraining and directing attention and rendering salient certain aspects of our experience. This likely has to do with connections established in the past between certain emotions and rational assessments. Such emotions can provide useful cues for future assessments, but their adequacy must be assessed through rational criteria. 2. The critical spirit component Because critical thinking is, in our view, thinking in such a way as to fulfill relevant standards, it is the standards of good thinking that provide the criteria for determining what attributes are important for critical thinkers. If an attribute is required by persons in order to fulfill a standard of good thinking, or if it will significantly increase the chances that their thinking will fulfill such standards, it can legitimately be regarded as an attribute that should be fostered in a critical thinker. Having the intellectual resources necessary for critical thinking does not, by itself, make one a critical thinker. One must also have certain commitments, attitudes or habits of mind that dispose himor her to use these resources to fulfill relevant standards and principles of good thinking. Moreover, as Siegel (1988: 9) points out, the critical thinkers tendency to ful ® l the standards and principles of good thinking cannot be mindless or simply the result of habituation. Rather, it must be based on a recognition of the value of critical thinking, i.e. its importance in fostering true belief and responsible action. Siegel recognizes that while reason assessment is a necessary condition for critical thinking, it is not a sufficient one. For example, a critical thinker may be equipped with the skill to evaluate reasons but not be predisposed to use it. Moreover, it is not enough that a critical thinker is capable of assessing the probative force of reasons; the critical thinker should also be inclined to seek out good reasons and disposed to question whether or not candidate reasons fit epistemological criteria. Hence, for a person to become a critical thinker, he or she must be able to habitually engage in reason assessment. In addition, a person must also have a complexity of attitudes, dispositions, character traits, and habits of mind or what Siegel refers to as the critical spirit. Siegels conception of the critical spirit means that critical thought is not a product merely of skill but also of character and motivation. The critical thinker then not only values the use of good reasons and evidentiary power in judgment or deliberation, he or she must also be willing and motivated to evaluate those reasons based on consistent, impartial and non-arbitrary criteria. In other words, the critical spirit is the life force of reasons. The critical spirit motivates and guides a critical thinker in action and belief-formation. Siegel (1997) considers that having reason assessment ability as well as the critical spirit are significant are individually and jointly sufficient requirements for a person to become a critical thinker.   In defense of the critical spirit component, Siegel (1997) enumerates some of the traits that may figure into a complex of dispositions, attitudes, habits of mind, and character traits (p. 35) found in the critical thinker: dispositions to seek reasons and evidence in making judgmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦; respect for the importance of reasoned judgment and for truthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦; a rejection of partiality, arbitrariness, special pleading, wishful thinking, and other obstacles to the proper exercise of reason assessment and reason judgment; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦habits of reason seeking and evaluatingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, engaging in the fairminded and non-self-interested consideration of such reasons.  Ã‚  (pp. 35-36) On the other hand, Scheffler (2010) also describes the critical thinker as disposed to the following traits: objectivity, consistency, intense aversion to contradiction, repugnance of error, disgust at evasion, love of reason, love of truth, and admiration of theoretical achievement. That character is indispensable in the formation of the critical thinker has been criticized (Missimer, 1990). The so-called character view espoused by Siegel is said to run in contradiction to the contributions of the worlds greatest thinkers. The intellectual greats such as Marx, Rousseau, Bacon, Freud, Russell, Newton, and Feynmann lacked many of the traits which the character view holds to be necessary for critical thinking. Marx was considered anti-Semitic; Newton was averse to criticism of his work; Rousseau and Fenymann were venal and rude to people who espoused incorrect ideas; Freud was a hothead; and Russell lied about his support for the U.S. nuclear program (Missimer, 1990, pp. 146-147). Accordingly, Siegels definition would not make the greatest intellectuals history has ever known critical thinkers. Critical thinking as identity constitution and autonomy Because critical thinking is fundamental educational ideal, Siegel (1997) considers it crucial in identity constitution. Critical thinking develops not only out of honing reasoning ability but also cultivating a motivational complex to create character disposed to the critical spirit. Character traits are fostered which constitute the critical spirit component, making up the traits of a particular type of person or identity. Thus, developing critical thinking entails no less than the formation of a certain identity. In the context of education, young people must be taught not only how to think critically, but more importantly, how to be critical thinkers. Therefore, making critical thinking a constitutive ideal is to propose for educational programs which focus on character-formation in support of critical thinking. Equally important to the concept of critical thinking is autonomy. Aside from critical thinking being coexisting with rationality, autonomy also figures into the same educational ideal. Siegel (1988) considered the importance of autonomy: If we accept critical thinking as a fundamental educational ideal, we explicitly acknowledge the desirability of the attainment by students of self-sufficiency and autonomy . . . The critical thinker must be autonomous-that is, free to act and judge independently of external constraint, on the basis of her own reasoned appraisal of the matter at hand. (p. 54) Autonomy is a state characterized by self-government. Similar to critical thinking, autonomy is also identity-constitutive in the sense that it makes up a certain type of person. Educators should strive in order to develop students who are autonomous agents. Autonomy is necessarily aligned with rationality: This aspect of the educational ideal of rationality aligns it with the complementary ideal of autonomy , since a rational person will also be an autonomous one, capable of judging for herself the justifiedness of candidate beliefs and the legitimacy of candidate values. (p. 56) An autonomous person is one who makes his or her own choices by evaluating them rationally and critically. Siegel (1988) expresses that choosing is not enough for autonomy to surface. A student must be a competent chooser and not subservient to conditions or standards he or she accepts uncritically. Also, a person can be a proto critical thinker because he or becomes slave to reason without having the necessary motivation to propel critical thought. Autonomy, then, requires not only independence in the execution of the action but also with respect to the motivation behind the action. For autonomy to be present, there must also be autonomy in the feelings, emotions, evaluation, or restructuring of principles. Autonomy must exist not only in relation to the reason assessment component of critical thinking but also on the critical spirit component.

No one knowingly does evil: an essay on the Socratic principle

The contention that no one knowingly does evil is one of the most fundamental principles championed by Socrates. The very essence of this Socratic principle dwells on the assumption that if a man understands very well that such and such acts are wrong or result to evil, or such that if a man is indeed aware in the first place that this action is wrong in the strictest sense of the word, then that man will tend to revert himself away from committing the act. Socrates stalwartly advances his pivotal idea that men in general cannot, in any conceivable manner, transform man into being fully wise or utterly foolish.Rather, men are inclinedto perform actions at an unfixed and random way, with no great propensity to be inclined to do more evil or to do more good. Consequently, an inexhaustible capability for performing either good or bad conducts is what men do not fundamentally possess. Another principal feature of Socrates’ thoughts is his claim that knowledge is directly associate d to that which is good and that ignorance is tied to that which is evil. Thus, it can be clearly observed that by claiming that no one knowingly does evil what is being meant is that to know and understand one’s actions is to understand that which has goodness.Since ignorance is significantly affixed to evil, Socrates observes, then, that no one knowingly does evil. In instances where man acts, it is immaterial for one to put great emphasis on the goodness or evilness of the action itself. What one should all the more consider is whether such actions are either within the proximity of being just or unjust and not necessarily that of being good or evil. In general, what Socrates is trying to point out is that the very causes of evil acts can ultimately be drawn from ignorance. For example, revulsion of one person to another person results from misapprehension, from ignorance of the related facts.Further, the Socratic assertion that no one knowingly does evil refutes normal re lativism for a few several points. Given such Socratic principle, it implies that it applies to all men who have the innate capacity to act. Likewise, to assert that no one knowingly does evil is to assert as well the claim that human beings by nature cannot be consciously aware that they are doing evil and that, instead, they assume that they are acting in order to amplify pleasure. The term â€Å"no one† in the phrase obviously refutes any relative conception of the principle since â€Å"no one† refers to that which is universal.To have relative views, then, on what actions count as evil and good is to essentially refute the claim that no one does evil voluntarily and willingly, and vice versa. Several contemporary counter-examples can be given to attempt at refuting the Socratic principle. Apparently, suicide, terrorism and sadism all have one thing in common in the context of Socrates’ principle no one knowingly does evil: they purport to exemplify cases whe rein human beings appear to be capable of doing evil with their knowing.All these three may in fact provide crucial grounds for claiming that men have the potential and the actual capacity to inflict harm and do evil while they are fully aware of these actions. However, we might go on to argue that men in these instances are ignorant of the good. Yet, even if they are ignorant of the good, it does not necessarily follow that they know sadism, suicide and terrorism as evil deeds for the fact that no one identifies what is good without actually noting those which are evil or have the actions which have the propensity to result in evil.Thus, these actions could not have been evil in the first place if one has no sense of what it is that is deemed to be good. It might be held valid and true that people who engage themselves in these actions have a leaning towards the evil as others may view them to be, but nevertheless these very people who are a part of the actions are ignorant of the evil that they might have been doing. This is pegged on the presupposition that men have the mental framework that the things they do are aimed at obtaining that which incites pleasure.For the most part of the claims of Socrates, there are hardly any strong refutations which might prove to be callous enough to dismantle the ancient philosopher’s arguments. There is a deep sensibility in Socrates’ dialogues with his fellowmen in the Apology as with the other parts of Plato’s Republic such that, with the Socratic method of inquiry, one arrives at an understanding about one’s little knowledge, that much is left to be understood and that only through a removal of one’s ignorance can one begin to achieve genuine knowledge.